In De Re Publica Cicero founds the commonwealth on the people’s consent. By this definition, the crux of political action lies both on the necessary acceptance of power and on the means to obtain such acceptance. How can such compliance be expressed? How can it be established through a symbolic representation in the arts and the Belles lettres? From the 12th century in Portugal to the 16th century in France, the lay power was built in Europe in opposition to the religious power and was based (...)